Creating a Perfect Opening for a Novel—Raymond Chandler’s “The Big Sleep”

By Dr. Joseph Bentz

In the California literature Honors course that I am teaching at Azusa Pacific University thissemester, we are studying Raymond Chandler’s novel,The Big Sleep, a classic of hardboiled detective fiction that features private investigator Philip Marlowe solving mysteries in a noir-ish and unforgettable Los Angeles setting.

After the students read the book, one of the first ways we studied it was simply to read out loud and analyze the first few pages. Chandler wastes no time. His opening establishes the novel’s tone and atmosphere, captures the personality of the narrator Marlowe, and propels the plot into motion. It isn’t easy to do all those things at once. If you don’t believe me, try it.

Take a look at The Big Sleep’s first two paragraphs:

It was about eleven o’clock in the morning, mid October, with the sun not shining and a look of hard wet rain in the clearness of the foothills. I was wearing my powder-blue suit, with dark blue shirt, tie and display handkerchief, black brogues, black wool socks with dark blue clocks on them. I was neat, clean, shaved and sober, and I didn’t care who knew it. I was everything the well-dressed private detective ought to be. I was calling on four million dollars.

The main hallway of the Sternwood place was two stories high. Over the entrance doors, which would have let in a troop of Indian elephants, there was a broad stained-glass panel showing a knight in dark armor rescuing a lady who was tied to a tree and didn’t have any clothes on but some very long and convenient hair. The knight had pushed the vizor of his helmet back to be sociable, and he was fiddling with the knots on the ropes that tied the lady to the tree and not getting anywhere. I stood there and thought that if I lived in the house, I would sooner or later have to climb up there and help him. he didn’t seem to be really trying.

What information do we learn from these two paragraphs? A private detective has dressed up in a nice suit in order to call on a wealthy client who lives in a mansion.

Those are the facts, but Chandler’s words tell us much more. Why describe the outfit in such detail, even down to the socks? If you pick up a hint of sarcasm in that little bit of over-description, it is confirmed in the next sentence: “I was neat, clean shaved and sober, and I didn’t care who knew it.” That declaration conveys more than the surface meaning of the words. As one of my students put it, “Someone who is usually sober doesn’t need to point out that he is sober.” The same is true for being clean and shaved. Marlowe may be revealing a few weaknesses in that sentence, but also a few strengths: he’s frank, down-to-earth, and he has a self-deprecating sense of humor. I like him already.

Almost every sentence in these two paragraphs has something to commend it. For example, take at “I was calling on four million dollars.” A lesser writer might have settled for something like, “I was calling on a wealthy client.” Chandler’s sentence is better than that in both tone and content. We now know how wealthy General Sternwood is (his four million is in late 1930s dollars), and more importantly, the tone indicates Marlowe is not over-awed by money.

His sarcasm toward ostentatious displays of wealth is extended in the second paragraph, when he describes the Sternwood mansion. He doesn’t need any direct comment about how gaudy he thinks the place is. The fact that the entrance doors “would have let in a troop of Indian elephants” tells the reader plenty about Marlowe’s attitude toward the house. His commentary on the stained-glass artwork tells us as much about the unpretentious detective as it does about the questionable artistic taste of the Sternwoods.

The opening paragraphs of The Big Sleep let us know we are starting a journey with a narrator who knows what he’s doing, both as a detective and as a storyteller. We like him from the start, and we can’t wait to see what he’ll do next. He doesn’t disappoint.

#

Dr. Joseph Bentz is published in both fiction and non-fiction, with four novels and four non-fiction books. His most recent book is Pieces of Heaven: Recognizing the Presence of God (Beacon Hill Press, 2012). He is a professor of English at Azusa Pacific University in Southern California, where he teaches courses in writing and American literature. Among the awards his books have received, his second novel, A Son Comes Home (Bethany House, 1999; republished by Randall House, 2007) won the Silver Angel Award, was selected for the Guideposts Book Club, and was chosen as one of the Top Ten Christian novels of the Year by Booklist magazine.

Bentz is a regular book reviewer for CBA Retailers + Resources magazine, which covers the Christian book industry, and he has published hundreds of other articles in magazines, journals and newspapers. He is a scholar of American novelist Thomas Wolfe, a native of Asheville, North Carolina, who immortalized the Blue Ridge area in such novels as Look Homeward, Angel (1929) and Of Time and the River (1935). Bentz is Articles Editor of The Thomas Wolfe Review. He has a Ph.D. and M.A. in American literature from Purdue University and a B.A. in English from Olivet Nazarene University. More information about his books and speaking can be found atwww.josephbentz.com.

Comments

[Richard Mabry]

So much for the tired old admonition not to start a book with material about the weather or a description of a person. Thanks, Joseph, for pointing out the way Chandler broke those "rules" and provided us with a literary masterpiece.

[Lynn Maudlin]

It's a great opening; it's been decades since I've read it and obviously it's due re-read soon. I love the shorthand communicated by “I was calling on four million dollars” - the client *doesn't* matter but the bank account assuredly does. How fun it would be to study this great piece of noir detective fiction with you!